Calluses are a problem, not particularly serious, but definitely aesthetic, and they affect a large portion of the population.
So, what are calluses?
Hyperkeratosis, commonly called a “callus,” is an accumulation of keratin in an area of the skin with a high concentration of dead epidermal cells. It typically forms in response to an external stimulus like excessive friction. In other words, the skin starts to reinforce an area that is frequently rubbed by footwear, for example, and this "reinforcement" is what we know as a callus.
Common causes
Calluses are not particularly complicated to develop or explain. As mentioned earlier, constant friction with footwear can cause them, but it's not the only way they can develop.
The way we walk is a common cause of calluses. We must remember that our bodies are designed to walk in a very specific manner, and if we don't do so, it will respond in one way or another. Having a foot deformity means that certain areas of the foot may be overloaded while others barely feel the stress and weight of the body. In response, the skin in the area where the most pressure is exerted hardens to adequately handle the pressure and friction when walking.
Foot deformities also cause calluses, as (depending on the deformity) some areas of the foot bear more weight and pressure, even in areas that shouldn't normally be involved in the stride.
Bunions can also cause calluses, as they are a type of foot deformity that changes the shape of the metatarsal and can affect our walking, even if we don't notice it.
Ugly, but not so bad
Despite everything, calluses are not an unmanageable or serious condition. Typically, removing the hardened skin (via scalpel or other treatments) is enough, but we cannot forget that calluses are the result of something, not the cause. So, even if we remove them, if we don't correct the underlying issue (bad walking habits, type of shoe, etc.), they will return. Therefore, the best recommendation is to focus on the cause.
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